英语谚语是英语文化宝库中绚丽多彩的瑰宝。它往往显得既寓意深刻,又韵味隽永,既闪烁着英语民族智慧的光辉,也闪耀着英语语言艺术的光彩。作为极富特色的一种语言形式,英语谚语在汉译的过程中,译者要将所有的特色都准确地翻译出来,的确不是一件容易的事。根据中国著名翻译家严复的“信、达、雅”翻译标准,英语谚语的汉译必须意义正确、通顺达意,并且尽可能再现原句的各种修辞特点。另外,根据美国著名语言学家和翻译理论家尤金?奈达(Eugene Nida)的等效翻译理论,英语谚语的汉译必须表达出从语义到文体在译文中最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息(或内容),从而保证译文的可读性和准确性。由于英汉两种语言在词汇、句法、修辞等方面均存在着差异,因此在进行英语谚语汉译时必然会遇到一定的困难,需要有一定的翻译方法(或技巧)作指导。下面就简要介绍几种常用的英语谚语汉译方法:
1.直译法
直译法不仅能够传达英语谚语中所承载的文化信息,而且能产生较高的文化信息传递的有效度,同时还保留了英语谚语的民族色彩和文化特点,使中国读者能更好地感觉英语文化。这种译法是把忠实于原文内容放在第一位,把忠实于原文形式放在第二位,把通顺的译文形式放在第三位。例如:All roads lead to Rome.(条条大路通罗马)
2.意译法
有些英语谚语的表达方式因含有英语国家所特有的历史典故或文化背景,在直译过来后,中国读者很难理解。采取意译,即舍弃原文形象、比喻,抓住内容、喻义,结合上下文灵活传达原意。这种译法是把忠实于原文的内容放在第一位,把通顺的译文形式放在第二位,而不拘泥于原文形式放在第三位。例如:Care killed a cat.(忧虑伤身)
3.反译法
所谓反译法就是指原文从正面表达的,译文可以从反面着笔翻译。一些用肯定形式的英语谚语,往往有否定的含义;另一些用否定形式的英语谚语,往往有肯定的含义。这些英语谚语在汉译时一般要用反译法来处理。例如:Appearances are deceptive.(勿以貌取人)又如:It is an i11 wind that blows nobody (any) good.(无论怎样坏的风也会对某些人有利)
4.对应借译法
有些英语谚语和汉语谚语在表现形式和含义方面是一致的或基本一致的。汉译这些英语谚语时,可借用与其喻义相同或相近的谚语直接对译。这样不但可以比较好地保持原文的神韵和形式,又使译文易于为中国读者接受。例如: He who world search for pearls must dive deep.(不入虎穴,焉得虎子)
5.前后倒译法
由于英汉两种语言的语法规则和语序排列的不同,在翻译时将结尾部分移到前面,或者将前一部分移到后面,这种调整称作倒译。英语谚语汉译时,其译文不但达意,而且十分流畅优美。例如:Friends may meet, but mountains never greet.(山与山不相会,人与人总相逢)
6.增词加注法
有些英语谚语带有浓厚的民族色彩、地方色彩或具有典故性质,汉译时必须加注才能把意思交代清楚愿意,这种翻译法叫做增词加注法。例如,仅仅把“Carry coals to Newcastle”译为“往纽卡斯尔运煤,多此一举”是不够的,因为中国读者不一定理解“纽卡斯尔”的含义,必须用增词加注法翻译为“往(煤区)纽卡斯尔运煤,多此一举。”或加注来说明“纽卡斯尔”是英国一个盛产煤的地方,往那里运煤,简直是多此一举。
7.直译兼意译法
有时在翻译英语谚语时,单纯的直译或意译都不能确切、有效地表达原来谚语的含义。这时可采用直译、意译相结合的方法进行翻译,以弥补直译难达意,意译难传神的不足。在直译后再加上谚语的真实含义,以期收到画龙点睛的效果。例如:Divide and rule.(分而治之,各个击破)
8.同义谚语套用法
英语谚语和汉语谚语虽然属于不同的文化体系,但有的英语谚语和汉语谚语在内容和形式上都相符合,双方不但有相同的意义和修辞色彩,并且有相同的或大体相同的形象比喻。例如:Seeing is believing.(眼见为实)
总之,在正确理解英语谚语的前提下,运用最合适的翻译方法,才能使汉语译文达意确切、自然传神;否则译文就可能与原文“貌合神离”,文不达意。
(作者为香港中文大学(微博)研究生院梁讯)
- A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 开头不好,结尾必糟。
- A bad custom is like a good cake,better broken than kept. 蛋糕莫保留,坏习气要除掉。
- A bad workman always blames his tools. 劣工咎器。
- A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 两鸟在林,不如一鸟在手。
- A body without knowledge is like a house without a foundation. 人无知犹如房屋无基。
- A book is like a garden carried in the pocket. 书是随时携带的花园。
- A candle lights others and consumes itself. 蜡烛照亮了别人,燃尽了自己。
- A door must be either shut or open. 门不关就得开,二者必居其一。/非此即彼。
- A friend is a second self. 朋友是第二个自我。
- A good beginning makes a good ending.欲善其终, 必先善其始。
- A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口利于病,忠言逆耳利于行。
- A lazy youth,a lousy age. 少年懒惰,老来贫苦。
- A life without a friend is a life without a sun. 人生没有朋友,犹如生活没有阳光。
- A little help is worth a deal of pity. 一次行动胜过一筐空话。
- A little is better than none. 有一点总比没有好。
- A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解,害已误人。
- A little labour,much health. 常常走动,无病无痛。
- A little learning is a dangerous thing. 浅学寡识是件危险的事。
- A little of everything,and nothing at all. 样样皆通,样样稀松。
- A man is never too old to learn. 活到老,学到老。
- A merry heart goes all the way. 心情愉快,办事痛快。
- A picture is a poem without words. 画为无言诗。
- A snow year,a good year. 瑞雪兆丰年。
- A thing of beauty is a joy for ever. 美好的事物永远是一种快乐。
- A thousand mile trip begins with one step. 千里之行,始于足下。
- A tree is known by its fruit. 观其行而知其人。
- A word spoken cannot be recalled. 一言说出,难以收回。
- A word to the wise is enough. 聪明人不用细说。
- A work ill done must be twice done. 工作未干好,只得重返工。
- Act fairly by all men. 一视同仁。
- Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。
- Adversity makes a man wise,not rich. 困难和不幸不能使人富有,却能使人聪明。
- After rain comes fair weather. 否极泰来。
- After supper walk a mile. 饭后百步走,活到九十九。
- All are not friends that speak us fair. 说好话的不一定都是朋友。
- All beginnings are hard. 万事开头难。
- All men can’t be first. 并非所有的都能获第一。
- All roads lead to Rome. 处处有路通长安。
- All things are difficult before they are easy. 万事开头难。
- All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只工作而无娱乐会使人愚钝。
- An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一个苹果,医生不来找我。
- An empty bag cannot stand upright. 空袋子放不真。
- An evil lesson is soon learned. 学坏容易。
- An honest man’s word is as good as his bond. 君子一言,驷马难追。
- An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening. 一日之计在于晨。
- An idle youth,a needy age. 少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
- An ill workman quarrels with his tools. 不会撑船怪河弯。
- Art is long,life is short. 生有涯而知无涯。
- As a man sows,so shall he reap. 种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。
- As one door closes,another door opens. 天无绝人之路。
- As the wind blows,you must set your sail. 趁风扬帆。
- As you brew,so you must drink. 自作自受。
- Bad luck always comes in threes. 祸不单行。
- Bad news travels fast.坏事传千里。
- Be slow in choosing a friend,slower in changing. 择友宜慎,弃之宜更慎。
- Be slow to promise and quick to perform. 重诺守信。
- Be swift to hear,slow to speak. 多听少说。
- Beauty is but skin-deep. 不可以貌取人。
- Beauty is truth,truth beauty. 美即是真,真即是美。
- Better a little fire to warm us,than a great fire to burn us. 宁要小火暖身,不要大火灼人。
- Better a little loss than a long sorrow. 宁可作点牺牲,不要长久悲痛。
- Better ask twice than lose your way once. 问路两次胜过迷路一次。
- Better be sure than sorry. 要安全,不要危险。
- Better early than late. 宁早勿迟。
- Better late than never. 这到总比不到强。
- Better lost than found. 宁可丢掉,不愿找到。(常针对不喜欢的人或物。)
- Better safe than sorry. 安全胜过遗憾。
- Better small fish than empty dish. 盘中小鱼胜无鱼。
- Better the last smile than the first laughter. 笑在前不如笑在后。
- Better to ask the way than go astray. 多问不吃亏。
- Better to be safe than sorry. 安全胜过遗憾。
- Better to do well than to say well. 嘴勤不如手勤。
- Better to have than wish. 现有胜过心想。
- Birds of a feather flock together. 物以类聚,人以群分。
- Bite off more than one can chew. 贪多嚼不烂。
- Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。
- Books and friends should be few but good. 择友如藏书,皆宜少而精。
- Both together do best of all. 人心齐,泰山移。
- Busiest men find the most time. 最忙的人时间最多。
- Business before pleasure. 先工作,后娱乐。
- Business is business. 生意是生意,交情归交情。
- By doing nothing we learn to do ill. 一闲生百邪。
- By learning you will teach,by teaching you will learn. 教学相长。
- By reading we enrich the mind;by conversation we polish it. 读书益智,交谈搏彩。
- By uniting we stand,by dividing we fall. 团结则存,分裂则亡。
- Call a spade a spade. 直言不讳。
- Care and diligence bring luck. 细心勤奋,带来好运。
- Care brings grey hair. 愁一愁,白了头。
- Care is enemy to health. 忧虑有损健康。
- Care will kill a cat. 忧虑伤神。
- Children and fools cannot lie. 小孩和傻瓜嘴里没谎话。
- Children and fools speak the truth. 童子吐真言。
- Children are what the mothers are. 有其母,必有其子。
- Children have the qualities of the parents. 有什么样的父母,就有什么样的孩子。
- Christmas comes but once a year. 圣诞节每年只有一次。
- Clothes don’t make the man. 好马不在鞍,人美不在衫。
- Clothes make the man. 人靠衣服马靠鞍。
- Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.信心为成功之始。
- Content is better than riches. 知足常乐。
- Content is happiness. 知足常乐。
- Custom is a second nature. 习俗是人的第二天性。
- Custom makes all the things easy. 形成习惯,事事好办。
- Cut your coat according to your cloth. 看布裁衣。
- Deeds are males and words are females. 会说不如会干。
- Delays are dangerous. 拖延误事。
- Diamond cut diamond. 势均力敌。
- Diligence is the mother of good luck. 幸运出自勤奋。
- Diligence is the greatest of teachers. 勤奋是最伟大的导师。
- Diligence is the mother of success. 成功来自勤奋。
- Disappointment is the nurse of wisdom. 挫折哺育智慧。
- Discontent is the first step in progress. 不满足是进取的第一步。
- Do as I say,not as I do. 照我说的做,不要照我干的做。
- Do as the Romans do. 入国问禁,入乡随俗。
- Do it now. 说干就干,机不可失。
- Do not attend to two things at a time. 一心不能二用。
- Do not cry for the moon. 不要异想天开。
- Do not try out before you are hurt. 不要没碰到就叫。
- Do not cut down the tree that gives you shade. 不能过河拆桥。
- Do nothing by halves. 不可半途而废。
- Do on the hill as you would do in the hall. 人前人后一个样。
- Do what you ought,and come what can. 但知行好事,莫要问前程。
- Doing is better than saying. 空言无补。
- Doing nothing is doing ill. 游手好闲就是学坏。
- Don’t bite off more than you can chew. 贪多嚼不烂。
- Don’t change horses in the middle of a stream. 病重不宜换郎中。
- Don’t climb a tree to look for fish. 不可缘木求鱼。
- Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched. 不要高兴太早。
- Don’t forget to cross your t’s. 不要丢三落四。
- Don’t have too many irons in the fire. 贪多嚼不烂。
- Don’t judge a book by its cover. 书的价值不在封面。